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Covalent Bonds01:29

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When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally,...
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Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
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Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or fairly similar ionization energies and electron affinities). Nonmetal atoms frequently form covalent bonds with other nonmetal atoms. For example, the hydrogen molecule, H2, contains a covalent bond between its two hydrogen atoms. When two separate hydrogen atoms with a particular potential energy approach each other, their valence orbitals...
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The molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in a manner similar to the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals. The region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found is called a molecular orbital. Mathematically, the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) generates molecular orbitals. Combinations of in-phase atomic orbital wave functions result in regions with a high probability of electron density, while...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Sequence-programmable covalent bonding of designed DNA assemblies.

Thomas Gerling1, Massimo Kube1, Benjamin Kick1

  • 1Laboratory for Biomolecular Design, Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Science Advances
|August 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a method to enhance DNA nanostructure stability using ultraviolet light to form covalent bonds. This improves structural integrity under harsh conditions, expanding potential applications for DNA nanotechnology.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • DNA nanotechnology enables custom nanostructure fabrication but is limited by environmental constraints.
  • DNA nanostructures require specific conditions to maintain structural integrity, hindering broader applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a general, site-selective, and scalable method for enhancing DNA nanostructure stability.
  • To create covalent bonds within DNA nanostructures to improve their resilience to environmental factors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing proximity-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) bonds via ultraviolet irradiation.
  • Strategically placing thymidines to create specific sites for covalent cross-linking.
  • Employing cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • DNA nanostructures with covalent CPD bonds demonstrated stability up to 90°C and in pure water without cations.
  • Enhanced resistance against nuclease degradation was observed in the stabilized nanostructures.
  • Cryo-EM confirmed preservation of global shape and internal structure after cross-linking and revealed swelling behavior at physiological ionic strength.

Conclusions:

  • The CPD cross-linking method offers a scalable and sequence-programmable approach to significantly enhance DNA nanostructure stability.
  • This technique broadens the applicability of DNA nanostructures in diverse scientific and technological fields by overcoming environmental limitations.
  • CPD stabilization allows DNA nanostructures to maintain integrity under conditions that would typically cause disassembly.