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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Multimer-PAGE: A Method for Capturing and Resolving Protein Complexes in Biological Samples
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Protocol for Generating Infectious RNA Viromes from Complex Biological Samples.

Sonia Monteil-Bouchard1, Sarah Temmam2, Christelle Desnues3

  • 1Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), IHU Méditerranée Infection, Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM1095, Marseille, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|August 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This chapter presents a straightforward protocol for creating RNA viromes from diverse host samples. The method maintains viral infectivity, enabling further viral studies and isolation.

Keywords:
ArthropodsMetagenomicsRNA virusesSucrose density gradientViral zoonosisVirome

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Understanding viral communities (viromes) in host-associated environments is crucial for disease research.
  • Existing RNA virome protocols can be complex and may compromise viral integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a simple, standardized protocol for RNA virome generation.
  • To ensure the preservation of viral particle infectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a standardized protocol for RNA extraction from complex biological samples.
  • Focus on maintaining the infectivity of viral particles throughout the process.

Main Results:

  • The protocol is simple and standardized for generating RNA viromes.
  • Viral particle infectivity is preserved.

Conclusions:

  • This protocol offers a reliable method for RNA virome generation from various host-associated samples.
  • Preserved infectivity facilitates downstream applications like viral characterization and isolation.