Saccadic eye movements estimate prolonged time awake

Prolonged time awake increases the need to sleep. Sleep pressure increases sleepiness, impairs human alertness and performance and increases the probability of human errors and accidents. Human performance and alertness during waking hours are influenced by homeostatic sleep drive and the circadian rhythm. Cognitive functions, especially attentional ones, are vulnerable to circadian rhythm and increasing sleep drive. A reliable, objective and practical metrics for estimating sleepiness could therefore be valuable. Our aim is to study whether saccades measured with electro-oculography (EOG) outside the laboratory could be used to estimate the overall time awake without sleep of a person. The number of executed saccades was measured in 11 participants during an 8-min saccade task. The saccades were recorded outside the laboratory (Naval Academy, Bergen) using EOG every sixth hour until 54 hr of time awake. Measurements were carried out on two occasions separated by 10 weeks. Five participants participated in both measurement weeks. The number of saccades decreased during sustained wakefulness. The data correlated with the three-process model of alertness; performance differed between participants but was stable within individual participants. A mathematically monotonous relation between performance in the saccade task and time awake was seen after removing the circadian rhythm component from measured eye movement data. The results imply that saccades measured with EOG can be used as a time-awake metric outside the laboratory.