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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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A self-reference false memory effect in the DRM paradigm: Evidence from Eastern and Western samples.

Jianqin Wang1, Henry Otgaar2,3, Mark L Howe2,3

  • 1Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. jane.wang@maastrichtuniversity.nl.

Memory & Cognition
|August 25, 2018
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Summary

Self-referencing enhances memory recall but also increases false memories compared to other-referencing. This suggests memory efficiency may heighten susceptibility to associative false memories.

Keywords:
False memoryFuzzy-trace theoryNet accuracySelf-referenceSpreading activation

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Self-referencing typically improves memory recall.
  • The impact of self-referencing on false memory formation remains unclear.
  • Previous research highlights memory benefits of self-referencing over other-referencing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether self-referencing increases false memories compared to other-referencing.
  • To examine the effect of self-referencing on both true and false memory rates.
  • To compare the mnemonic advantage of self-referencing versus other-referencing in terms of net accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted with European and East Asian participants.
  • Participants were presented with Deese-Roediger-McDermott word lists.
  • Lists were associated with either the participant's own name or another person's name.

Main Results:

  • Self-referencing led to higher rates of both true and false memories compared to other-referencing.
  • No significant difference in net accuracy was found between self-referencing, other-referencing, and neutral conditions.
  • Findings were consistent across both experiments and participant samples.

Conclusions:

  • Self-referencing enhances memory but also increases susceptibility to associative false memories.
  • The findings align with spreading activation and fuzzy-trace theories.
  • Memory's adaptive nature may involve a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy.