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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

Not All Predictions Are Equal: "What" and "When" Predictions Modulate Activity in Auditory Cortex through Different

Ryszard Auksztulewicz1,2,3,4, Caspar M Schwiedrzik5,6,7,8, Thomas Thesen9

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1N 3BG, rauksztu@cityu.edu.hk lucia.melloni@nyumc.org.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|August 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Predictions about stimulus content and timing use different brain mechanisms. "What" predictions impact auditory areas via short-term plasticity, while "when" predictions affect motor areas through synaptic gain.

Keywords:
associative learningbiophysical modelingelectrocorticographypredictionpredictive coding

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Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
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Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
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Published on: July 1, 2015

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
08:45

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Published on: October 24, 2012

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13:51

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Predictive processing is crucial for adaptive behavior.
  • Stimulus attribute predictions (e.g., content, timing) aid sensory processing.
  • Neural mechanisms underlying cross-attribute predictions remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate if content and temporal predictions share neural mechanisms.
  • Elucidate the distinct neural processes for "what" and "when" predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Human electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings.
  • Computational modeling with neural mass models.
  • Experimental manipulation of "what" and "when" prediction tasks.

Main Results:

  • "When" predictions modulated activity in motor and prefrontal regions at early and late latencies.
  • "What" predictions affected prefrontal activity late in time.
  • Content and temporal predictions interactively modulated superior temporal gyrus activity.
  • Modeling suggested "what" predictions involve short-term plasticity in auditory areas.
  • Modeling indicated "when" predictions involve synaptic gain in motor areas.

Conclusions:

  • Content and temporal predictions engage complementary neural mechanisms.
  • Domain-specific prediction signaling occurs along the cortical hierarchy.
  • Distinct encoding mechanisms provide neural flexibility for prediction processing.