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Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.

Cell Potential and Free Energy

Cell Potential and Free Energy

Thermodynamics of a Redox Reaction
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics dealing with the relationship between heat and other forms of energy. In an electrochemical cell, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
Thus, a link can be predicted between cell potential, free energy change, and the equilibrium constant for the reaction. Cell potential can also be measured as the oxidant or the reducing strength, and similar acid-base strength measures are reflected in equilibrium...

Potential Energy

Potential Energy

The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
Chemical bonds that form attractive forces between atoms also contain potential energy, called chemical energy. When a chemical reaction...

Potential Energy

Potential Energy

A conservative force, such as a gravitational or elastic force, gives the body the capacity to do work. This capacity, measured as the potential energy, depends on the body's location or “position” relative to a fixed reference position or datum. The gravitational potential energy is considered zero at the reference point. Suppose a body is located at some vertical distance above a fixed horizontal reference or datum. In that case, the weight of the body has positive gravitational potential...

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.

Standard Electrode Potentials

Standard Electrode Potentials

On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants

Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants

Published on: June 3, 2022

Marine derived biosurfactants: a vast potential future resource.

Lakshmi Tripathi¹, Victor U Irorere¹, Roger Marchant¹

¹School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.

Biotechnology Letters

|August 27, 2018

Summary

Marine microorganisms offer eco-friendly biosurfactants (BS) as alternatives to petrochemical surfactants. Optimizing their production and characterization is key to meeting industrial demands for sustainable surface-active compounds (SACs).

Keywords:

Biodegradable Bioremediation Biosurfactant Emulsifier Marine bacteria Surface-active

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The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

Published on: August 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology
Marine Biotechnology
Green Chemistry

Background:

Surface-active compounds (SACs) are crucial in industry, with current chemical surfactants derived from non-renewable resources.
Biosurfactants (BS) from renewable feedstocks offer biodegradable and eco-friendly alternatives.
Pathogenic microbial sources limit large-scale biosurfactant production.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore marine-derived biosurfactants (BS) as non-pathogenic alternatives to conventional surfactants.
To address challenges in marine BS commercialization, including low yields, structural elucidation, and gene characterization.
To enhance the cost-efficiency and industrial applicability of marine BS.

Main Methods:

Investigating non-pathogenic marine microorganisms as BS producers.
Optimizing conditions for enhanced BS production in marine bacteria.
Characterizing the structure of marine BS and identifying genes involved in their biosynthesis.

Main Results:

Marine bacteria produce non-pathogenic BS with potential for industrial applications.
Marine BS exhibit robust activity under extreme environmental conditions (temperature, pH, salinity).
Current limitations include low yields, incomplete structural data, and uncharacterized biosynthetic genes.

Conclusions:

Marine-derived BS are promising sustainable alternatives to petrochemical surfactants.
Further research on optimizing production, characterizing compounds, and elucidating genes is essential for commercial viability.
Successful development will meet industrial demands for cost-effective and environmentally friendly SACs.