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Non-coding transcript variants of protein-coding genes - what are they good for?

Sonam Dhamija1,2, Manoj B Menon3

  • 1a Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery , Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.

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|August 28, 2018
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Summary

Human genome complexity arises not from gene number but from non-coding elements. Hybrid genes blur the lines between protein-coding and non-coding RNA, revealing new layers of biological function.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Transcriptomics

Background:

  • The human genome's protein-coding gene count is similar to simpler eukaryotes, despite increased organismal complexity.
  • The non-coding transcriptome and alternative splicing are recognized contributors to mammalian complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of hybrid genes.
  • To discuss the roles and relevance of genes with both coding and non-coding functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on gene function.
  • Analysis of emerging data on long non-coding RNAs and microproteins.
  • Examination of bifunctional protein-coding RNAs and their non-coding roles.

Main Results:

  • Some long non-coding RNAs encode micropeptides.
  • Certain protein-coding RNAs possess dual coding and non-coding functions.
  • Genes can produce both canonical mRNA, long non-coding RNA splice-forms, and circular RNAs.

Conclusions:

  • The traditional distinction between coding and non-coding genes is challenged.
  • Hybrid genes represent a significant source of functional complexity in mammals.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the roles of these multifaceted genetic elements.