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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test
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The development of structural thinking about social categories.

Nadya Vasilyeva1, Alison Gopnik1, Tania Lombrozo1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley.

Developmental Psychology
|August 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Children as young as 3-4 years old demonstrate structural thinking about social categories. By age 5-6, they differentiate structural from nonstructural thinking, though adult-level understanding develops later.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Social Cognition
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Social categories aid understanding of the world, enabling predictions about groups and individuals.
  • Current understanding often relies on internalist accounts, like psychological essentialism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate children's and adults' understanding of category-property associations in structural terms.
  • To explore if young children can identify structural constraints influencing these associations.

Main Methods:

  • An experiment involving 156 participants.
  • Assessed understanding of category-property links (e.g., "girls" and "liking pink").
  • Focused on participants' ability to conceptualize these links structurally.

Main Results:

  • Children aged 3-4 years exhibited early signs of structural thinking.
  • Children aged 5-6 years showed improved differentiation between structural and nonstructural reasoning.
  • Performance in both child groups remained below adult levels.

Conclusions:

  • Structural connections offer a novel framework for understanding nonaccidental category-property relationships.
  • This perspective provides an alternative to internalist theories of social categories.
  • Developmental trajectory of structural thinking in social cognition is highlighted.