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Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Wild Monochamus alternatus Populations for Biocontrol Applications in Forest Wood Borers

Author Spotlight: Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Wild Monochamus alternatus Populations for Biocontrol Applications in Forest Wood Borers

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Advances in Wheat and Pathogen Genomics: Implications for Disease Control.

Beat Keller¹, Thomas Wicker¹, Simon G Krattinger²

¹Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland;

Annual Review of Phytopathology

|August 29, 2018

Summary

Wheat

Keywords:

disease resistance gene gene cloning genome sequence genomics-assisted breeding pathogenic fungi pathogenomics

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Area of Science:

Plant genetics and breeding
Molecular biology
Agricultural science

Background:

Wheat's gene pool contains numerous resistance genes for pathogen resilience.
Few resistance genes have been molecularly characterized.
Classical breeding is shifting towards genomics-assisted breeding.

Purpose of the Study:

To review genomic improvements in wheat and its pathogens.
To discuss implications for disease-resistance breeding.

Main Methods:

Review of recent advancements in DNA sequencing.
Analysis of high-throughput molecular marker technologies.
Literature review on genomic improvements and disease resistance.

Main Results:

Genomic advancements accelerate wheat improvement.
Genomics-assisted breeding enhances speed and precision.
Understanding pathogen genomics aids resistance breeding.

Conclusions:

Genomic improvements are transforming wheat breeding.
Future wheat cultivars will be more disease-resistant.
Genomic insights are crucial for sustainable agriculture.