Allergy and Asthma: Allergic Rhinitis and Allergic Conjunctivitis

Area of Science:

• Family Medicine
• Allergology
• Clinical Immunology

Background:

• Allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis are highly prevalent conditions in family medicine.
• Common triggers include seasonal pollens and perennial allergens like dust mites, mold, and pet dander.
• Diagnosis relies on characteristic symptoms and physical examination findings.

Purpose of the Study:

• To outline the diagnosis and management of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis.
• To emphasize the importance of assessing comorbid conditions and quality of life impacts.
• To review current treatment guidelines and preventive strategies.

Main Methods:

• Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms (nasal congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, eye tearing) and signs (clear rhinorrhea, pale nasal mucosa, red eyes).
• Assessment for comorbidities (asthma, eczema) and quality of life indicators (sleep, daytime function).
• Review of management options including allergen avoidance, environmental controls, and pharmacotherapy.

Main Results:

• Monotherapy with oral antihistamines, intranasal steroids, or intranasal antihistamines are recommended initial treatments.
• Antihistamine eye drops offer rapid relief for ocular symptoms; intranasal antihistamines are effective for nasal symptoms.
• Combining intranasal steroids and oral antihistamines is not recommended due to lack of added benefit.

Conclusions:

• Effective management involves allergen avoidance, environmental control, and appropriate pharmacotherapy.
• Individualized treatment plans should consider comorbidities and quality of life.
• Allergy skin testing and immunotherapy may be beneficial for select patients.