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Related Concept Videos

The Uncertainty Principle04:08

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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments02:46

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Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
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Uncertainty: Overview00:59

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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures03:34

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All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit, are called significant figures or significant digits. Note that zero may be a measured value; for example, if a scale that shows weight to the nearest pound reads “140,” then the 1 (hundreds), 4 (tens), and 0 (ones) are all significant (measured) values.
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Uncertainty: Confidence Intervals00:54

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The confidence interval is the range of values around the mean that contains the true mean. It is expressed as a probability percentage. The interpretation of a 95% confidence interval, for instance, is that the statistician is 95% confident that the true mean falls within the interval. The upper and lower limits of this range are known as confidence limits. The confidence limits for the true mean are estimated from the sample's mean, the standard deviation, and the statistical factor...
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The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:
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Dose uncertainty from calculation grid resolution and its alignment with MLC.

Jinkoo Kim1, Archie Chu1, Zhigang Xu1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY.

Medical Dosimetry : Official Journal of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists
|August 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Choosing the right dose calculation grid resolution is crucial in radiotherapy. Lower resolutions, especially when misaligned with the multileaf collimator (MLC), can significantly alter dose distribution and lead to errors.

Keywords:
AAADose calculationMLC

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

Background:

  • Accurate dose calculation is paramount for effective radiotherapy.
  • The Varian HD120 multileaf collimator (MLC) features narrow central leaves (2.5 mm).
  • Dose calculation grid resolution may impact the accuracy of dose distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a clinical case where 2.5-mm grid resolution significantly differed from 1.0-mm resolution.
  • To analyze the influence of dose calculation grid resolution and its spatial alignment with MLC.
  • To understand the impact on stereotactic radiotherapy plans.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated static MLC patterns with 10 open strips to assess dose profile visibility.
  • Investigated MLC alignment effects with dose grids from 1.0 mm to 5.0 mm.
  • Recalculated 20 retrospective stereotactic radiotherapy plans at 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2.5 mm resolutions, comparing with film dosimetry.

Main Results:

  • At 2.5-mm resolution, MLC patterns were obscured when aligned with the dose grid.
  • Dose errors at open strip centers varied significantly (7%-39%) based on MLC-grid alignment.
  • 1.5-mm plans showed a mean dose increase of 1.3% vs. 1.0-mm plans; 2.5-mm plans showed a mean dose decrease of -0.5%.

Conclusions:

  • Dose calculation grid resolution critically affects radiotherapy plan dose distribution.
  • Grid resolution should be smaller than the MLC leaf width for accuracy.
  • Finer resolutions reduce uncertainty and minimize MLC-grid spatial alignment influence.