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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules01:35

Microtubules

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There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the thickest of these fibers. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions that include cell structure and support, transport of organelles, cell motility (movement), and the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
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Microtubules01:18

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Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory appendages like cilia and flagella. In eukaryotic cells, microtubules form specialized extensions for moving fluid over the surface, like those found in cells lining the intestine.
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Speed of a Transverse Wave01:13

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The speed of a wave depends on the characteristics of the medium. For example, in the case of a guitar, the strings vibrate to produce the sound. The speed of the waves on the strings and the wavelength determine the frequency of the sound produced. The strings on a guitar have different thicknesses but may be made of similar material. They have different linear densities, and the linear density is defined as the mass per length.
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Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section01:21

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

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When a material is subjected to uniaxial stress, it elongates or contracts in the direction of the applied force, and also undergoes changes in the perpendicular directions. This behavior is crucial for understanding how materials behave under stress and is governed by mechanical properties such as Poisson's ratio v, which measures the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
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Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated...
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Microtubule Formation01:23

Microtubule Formation

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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. They originate from specialized multi-protein complexes known as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Within the MTOC, the point of origin of the microtubule is known as the minus end, while the end radiating outward is the plus end. Microtubules serve two primary functions — the organization of spindle complexes to separate sister chromatids during mitotic or meiotic cell division and the formation...
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Quantitative Microtubule Fractionation Technique to Separate Stable Microtubules, Labile Microtubules, and Free Tubulin in Mouse Tissues
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A Cycloheximide-Sensitive Step in Transverse Microtubule Array Patterning.

Andrew Elliott1, Sidney L Shaw2

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405.

Plant Physiology
|August 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant cell growth and morphology are controlled by microtubule organization. Hormone induction in Arabidopsis hypocotyl cells triggers a process requiring gene expression to form transverse microtubule patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Plant morphology is determined by individual cell growth properties.
  • Cytoskeletal organization, specifically microtubule arrays, dictates cellular growth properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate mechanisms of transverse microtubule array pattern formation in Arabidopsis epidermal hypocotyl cells.
  • Understand the role of de novo gene expression in regulating microtubule patterning during plant cell growth.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative imaging to map microtubule array transitions.
  • Hormone induction (auxin and gibberellic acid) to study microtubule reorientation.
  • Use of cycloheximide (CHX), a translation inhibitor, to assess the requirement of gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Hormone induction caused initial loss of microtubule density and rotation to oblique patterns.
  • Transverse microtubules appeared at the cell midzone 30 min post-induction, progressing apically and basally.
  • Cycloheximide treatment selectively and reversibly disrupted transverse patterns, forming pinwheel arrays, indicating a CHX-sensitive regulatory factor.

Conclusions:

  • Transverse microtubule patterning in Arabidopsis hypocotyls requires de novo gene expression.
  • A CHX-sensitive factor likely suppresses longitudinal microtubule nucleation, facilitating transverse alignment.
  • This study reveals a genetic control mechanism for microtubule organization during plant cell elongation.