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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Primate Ecology
  • Diversification Rates

Background:

  • Previous studies suggested ecological traits influence primate species richness by affecting speciation and extinction.
  • Concerns exist regarding high false-positive rates in methods used to detect trait-dependent diversification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reevaluate the influence of ecological traits on primate diversification, addressing concerns of false positives.
  • To identify specific traits correlated with primate diversification rates using robust analytical methods.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed six ecological traits (activity pattern, sociality, mating system, terrestriality, frugivory, mutualism) as binary variables.
  • Employed phylogenetic framework with likelihood-based and nonparametric methods to estimate trait-specific diversification rates.

Main Results:

  • Activity pattern was the only trait consistently correlated with diversification across all methods.
  • Diurnal primates exhibit higher diversification rates than nocturnal primates.
  • The link between solitary foraging and lower diversification is attributed to its association with nocturnality.

Conclusions:

  • Ecological traits have a less significant role in primate diversification than previously thought.
  • Detected false positives suggest heterogeneity in diversification from factors beyond focal traits.
  • Activity pattern plays a crucial role in shaping primate evolutionary history, though the causal mechanism remains unclear.