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Related Concept Videos

The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0%...
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Mass Spectrum01:23

Mass Spectrum

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A mass spectrum is the graphical representation of the relative abundance of the charged fragments in an analyte plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The plot's x-axis represents the ratio of the mass of the charged fragment to the number of charges it carries. The y axis of the plot represents the relative abundance of each charged species. The relative abundance is calculated from the signal intensity of each charged species recorded at the detector. The most intense signal (the...
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UV–Vis Spectrum01:30

UV–Vis Spectrum

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When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
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Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

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An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...
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The Use of a β-lactamase-based Conductimetric Biosensor Assay to Detect Biomolecular Interactions
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Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase Producers: Detection for the Diagnostic Laboratory.

Rani Diana Sahni1, Dilip Mathai2, Thambu David Sudarsanam2

  • 1Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Journal of Global Infectious Diseases
|September 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection is vital for managing infections. Phenotypic screening disk diffusion tests offer a reliable and efficient alternative to costly CLSI methods for identifying ESBL producers.

Keywords:
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamaselaboratory detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamasenosocomial extended-spectrum beta-lactamase

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing organisms are a significant cause of nosocomial infections in India.
  • Prompt detection of ESBL is critical for effective clinical management and infection control.
  • Current Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines recommend phenotypic screening and confirmatory tests, which can be time-consuming and costly for diagnostic laboratories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the accuracy and efficiency of phenotypic screening disk diffusion tests against CLSI-recommended confirmatory agar dilution methods for ESBL detection.
  • To evaluate the performance characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios) of disk diffusion and agar dilution methods for identifying ESBL producers.
  • To assess the genetic relatedness of ESBL-producing isolates from intensive care units (ICUs) to understand potential transmission dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 96 nosocomial isolates (71 E. coli, 25 K. pneumoniae) resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime.
  • Performance of CLSI-recommended disk diffusion and agar dilution tests using cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and their combinations with clavulanic acid.
  • Utilized E-test for discrepant results and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for genotyping 22 ICU isolates.

Main Results:

  • Phenotypic screening disk diffusion tests showed strong correlation with confirmatory agar dilution MIC tests for ESBL status (kappa values ranging from 0.852 to 0.911, P < 0.001).
  • The disk diffusion method demonstrated high sensitivity (99-100%) and acceptable specificity (75-83.3%) with positive likelihood ratios between 4.0-5.9.
  • Of the 96 isolates screened, 86.5% were confirmed ESBL producers, and PFGE revealed genetically diverse ESBL strains within ICUs, indicating limited transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic screening disk diffusion tests provide a reliable, sensitive, and cost-effective alternative for ESBL detection compared to CLSI confirmatory methods.
  • The findings support the use of disk diffusion tests as a primary screening tool in diagnostic laboratories for prompt identification of ESBL producers.
  • Genotyping data suggests that observed ESBL infections in ICUs likely arise from diverse sources rather than clonal transmission of specific strains.