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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dorsal Skin of Hamsters: a Useful Model for the Screening of Antileishmanial Drugs
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Modeling Cutaneous Radiation Injury from Fallout.

Tim G Adams1, Neelima Yeddanapudi2, Matthew Clay2

  • 11Gryphon Scientific LLC,Takoma Park,Maryland,supporting the Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority Division of Quantitative Analysis.

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
|September 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Beta radiation from nuclear fallout can cause skin injury, but deep tissue damage is unlikely. This study analyzed dose protraction and depth, finding minimal risk to underlying tissues from cutaneous radiation injury (CRI).

Keywords:
acute radiation syndromenuclear weaponsradiation injuriesradioactive falloutrisk assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear physics
  • Radiation biology
  • Public health

Background:

  • Nuclear weapons fallout poses a risk of cutaneous radiation injury (CRI) to evacuating populations.
  • Previous investigations into CRI from fallout have been limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine dose protraction and depth of dose as key components of CRI.
  • To estimate the potential public health consequences of fallout exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Biological Effective Dose (BED) calculations adapted to hazard function analysis for dose protraction.
  • Monte Carlo (MC) Particle version 5 simulations to model beta radiation penetration depth in skin.

Main Results:

  • Dose rate effectiveness factors for dry and moist desquamation were estimated.
  • Beta radiation is mainly absorbed in superficial skin layers, with minimal dose (<5%) to underlying tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Radiation-induced necrosis or deep skin burns are unlikely from direct fallout contamination.
  • Findings support improved modeling of CRI risk and management of nuclear detonation injuries.