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Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER is a sub-organelle with specialized functions in animal cells and plant cells. It is often associated with the tubule morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
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Deciphering micro-polarity inside the endoplasmic reticulum using a two-photon active solvatofluorochromic probe.

Kaushik Pal1, Indranil Samanta, Rahul Kumar Gupta

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal-462066, MP, India. akoner@iiserb.ac.in.

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New fluorescent dyes can measure endoplasmic reticulum (ER) polarity. These dyes, designed for ER targeting, reveal its micro-polarity is lower than water, aiding cellular research.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Biology
  • Molecular Imaging
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a crucial role in cellular protein and lipid metabolism.
  • Understanding the micro-environment of the ER is vital for comprehending its functions.
  • Existing methods for determining ER polarity are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel two-photon active and solvatofluorochromic dyes for ER polarity determination.
  • To design a specific ER-targeting derivative for precise cellular imaging.
  • To quantify the micro-polarity within the ER lumen.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a new class of two-photon active solvatofluorochromic dyes.
  • Rational design of a derivative for targeted ER localization.
  • Application of fluorescence spectral scanning to measure ER micro-polarity.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized dyes exhibit fluorescence across the visible spectrum.
  • A specifically designed derivative successfully targets the ER.
  • The micro-polarity within the ER was determined to be significantly lower than that of water.

Conclusions:

  • The novel dyes are effective tools for assessing ER micro-polarity.
  • The findings provide new insights into the ER's unique micro-environment.
  • This work facilitates advanced cellular studies and diagnostics.