Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Synaptic Signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Acid Attack on Concrete

Acid Attack on Concrete

When acids come into contact with concrete, they initiate a chemical reaction that dissolves the hydrated cement paste. This process leads to softening and structural weakening of the concrete. This issue is commonly observed in environments such as chimneys, sewers, and industrial settings. The severity of the damage increases as the pH of the water interacting with the concrete drops below 6.5. In particular, a pH under 4.5 can cause significant concrete damage.
The rate at which hydrogen...

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Circadian screening of neutrophils identifies therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same author

Conditioned accumbal dopamine transients forecast individual preference for drug versus natural rewards and compulsive behavior.

Nature neuroscience·2026

Same author

Precision medicine's inevitable trajectory toward rare-disease-sized cohorts: implications for machine learning and deep learning.

The Lancet. Digital health·2026

Same author

Hetairos is a histology-based artificial intelligence model for predicting central nervous system tumor methylation subtypes.

Nature cancer·2026

Same author

Pharmacological Inhibition of FKBP51 Mitigates Early Life Adversity-Induced Social Deficits in Male Mice.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026

Same author

From eye to AI: Studying rodent social behavior in the era of machine learning.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

An Engulfment Assay: A Protocol to Assess Interactions Between CNS Phagocytes and Neurons

An Engulfment Assay: A Protocol to Assess Interactions Between CNS Phagocytes and Neurons

Published on: June 8, 2014

Neurons under T Cell Attack Coordinate Phagocyte-Mediated Synaptic Stripping.

Giovanni Di Liberto¹, Stanislav Pantelyushin¹, Mario Kreutzfeldt¹

¹Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.

|September 4, 2018

Summary

Neurons actively contribute to synaptic loss during CD8+ T cell encephalitis by activating STAT1 signaling and CCL2 expression, leading to neurological disease. These pathways are also implicated in Rasmussen's encephalitis.

Keywords:

Rasmussen’s encephalitis cytotoxic T cells neuroinflammation phagocytes synapse loss

More Related Videos

Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

Published on: March 16, 2009

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: February 5, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

An Engulfment Assay: A Protocol to Assess Interactions Between CNS Phagocytes and Neurons

An Engulfment Assay: A Protocol to Assess Interactions Between CNS Phagocytes and Neurons

Published on: June 8, 2014

Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

Published on: March 16, 2009

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: February 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Cellular Neuroscience

Background:

Central nervous system (CNS) inflammation often involves synaptic loss mediated by microglia and complement.
Mechanisms of synaptic loss in CD8+ T cell-driven neuronal damage remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of neuronal signaling in CD8+ T cell-mediated synaptic loss during encephalitis.
To identify molecular pathways involved in aberrant synaptic connectivity.

Main Methods:

Neuronal translatome profiling in a mouse model of CD8+ T cell encephalitis.
Analysis of STAT1 signaling and CCL2 expression in neurons.
Examination of brain tissue from Rasmussen's encephalitis patients.

Main Results:

Neuronal STAT1 signaling and CCL2 expression were critical for phagocyte recruitment, synaptic loss, and disease progression in mice.
STAT1 phosphorylation and CCL2 expression were observed in neurons, CD8+ T cells, and phagocytes in Rasmussen's encephalitis patient brains.
Neurons play an active role in orchestrating phagocyte-mediated synaptic loss.

Conclusions:

Neuronal STAT1 and CCL2 are key mediators of phagocyte-driven synaptic loss in CD8+ T cell encephalitis.
These pathways represent potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune encephalitis and related neurological disorders.