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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Lignin-Based Microparticles for Enhanced Delivery of Bioflavonoids
Published on: March 1, 2024
Omega-3 encapsulation by PGSS-drying and conventional drying methods. Particle characterization and oxidative
Rodrigo Melgosa1, Óscar Benito-Román1, María Teresa Sanz1
1Department of Biotechnology and Food Science (Chemical Engineering Section), University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
Abstract:
Particles from Gas-Saturated Solutions (PGSS)-drying has been used as a green alternative to encapsulate omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) at mild, non-oxidative conditions. PGSS-dried particles have been compared to those obtained by conventional drying methods such as spray-drying and freeze-drying, finding encapsulation efficiencies (EE) up to 98% and spherical morphology for PGSS- and spray-dried particles. Freeze-dried powders showed irregular morphology and EE from 95.8 to 98.6%, depending on the freezing method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed glass-transition and melting peaks of OSA-starch and a cold-crystallization peak corresponding to the encapsulated n-3 PUFA concentrate. Compared to conventionally dried powders, PGSS-dried microparticles showed lower primary and secondary oxidation after 28 days of storage at 4 °C. Ascorbic acid addition combined with the mild processing conditions of PGSS-drying yielded particles with a maximum peroxide value of 2.5 meq O2/kg oil after 28 days of storage at 4 °C.
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