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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
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Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Long-Term Memory01:18

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Repressed Memory01:16

Repressed Memory

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Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
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A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
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Synaptic plasticity/dysplasticity, process memory and item memory in rodent models of mental dysfunction.

Kally C O'Reilly1, Maria I Perica1, André A Fenton2

  • 1Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.

Schizophrenia Research
|September 4, 2018
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Summary

Synaptic plasticity, crucial for memory and therapy, has two forms: item memory and process memory. Early experiences differentially impact these in rodent models, affecting adult outcomes.

Keywords:
Cognitive behavioral therapyDysplasticityHippocampusNeurodevelopmentSchizophreniaSynaptic function

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Synaptic plasticity underlies memory storage and information processing in neural networks.
  • It is hypothesized to be crucial for the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy.
  • Plasticity enables both storage of information (item memory) and modification of network functions (process memory).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate and review evidence for item and process memory functions of synaptic plasticity.
  • To investigate the role of early life experiences on synaptic plasticity and adult outcomes in rodent models.
  • To compare two neurodevelopmental models, neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) and gestational day 17 methylazoxymethanol acetate (GD17-MAM), in response to adolescent cognitive experience.

Main Methods:

  • Review of behavioral and neurobiological evidence for item and process memory.
  • Comparison of NVHL and GD17-MAM rodent models exposed to adolescent cognitive experiences.
  • Analysis of differential adult outcomes in relation to early cognitive experience and synaptic plasticity.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports distinct roles for item and process memory in neural networks.
  • NVHL rats show beneficial adult outcomes after adolescent cognitive experience, unlike GD17-MAM rats.
  • Early cognitive experience appears to alter process memory in NVHL rats but not in GD17-MAM rats.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic plasticity has separable item and process memory functions.
  • Early life experiences and their impact on process memory may explain differential responses to cognitive therapies.
  • Dysplasticity factors could contribute to varied outcomes in neurodevelopmental models following early cognitive interventions.