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Related Concept Videos

Gain01:15

Gain

416
Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
Gain:
Suppose Vin is the input and Vout is the output signal to a circuit.
416
Frequency of Spring-Mass System01:17

Frequency of Spring-Mass System

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One interesting characteristic of the simple harmonic motion (SHM) of an object attached to a spring is that the angular frequency, and the period and frequency of the motion, depend only on the mass and the force constant of the spring, and not on other factors such as the amplitude of the motion or initial conditions. We can use the equations of motion and Newton's second law to find the angular frequency, frequency, and period.
Consider a block on a spring on a frictionless surface. There...
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Space Trusses01:25

Space Trusses

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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. The space truss is widely used in various construction projects due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads.
At the core of a space truss lies the fundamental unit known as the tetrahedron. This structure is composed of six members that form a three-dimensional shape...
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State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

583
The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
583
Space Trusses: Problem Solving01:29

Space Trusses: Problem Solving

909
A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. Due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads, the space truss is widely used in various construction projects.
Consider a tripod consisting of a tetrahedral space truss with a ball-and-socket joint at C. Suppose the height and lengths of the horizontal and vertical...
909
Transfer Function to State Space01:23

Transfer Function to State Space

808
State-space representation is a powerful tool for simulating physical systems on digital computers, necessitating the conversion of the transfer function into state-space form. Consider an nth-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients, like those encountered in an RLC circuit. The state variables are selected as the output and its n−1 derivatives. Differentiating these variables and substituting them back into the original equation produces the state equations.
In an RLC...
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy
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HR Spring: A Simplified Approach to Simultaneous Space Gaining and Derotation.

Vnubha Rathi, Rohan S Hattarki

    International Journal of Orthodontics (Milwaukee, Wis.)
    |September 5, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A novel spring design offers a straightforward method for simultaneously increasing space and correcting rotation in dental cases. This technique effectively realigns severely rotated lower incisors, as demonstrated in a clinical case study.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthodontics
    • Biomaterials Engineering

    Background:

    • Dental rotations and crowding present common orthodontic challenges.
    • Existing methods for derotation and space gaining can be complex or require multiple appliances.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a simple and effective spring design for simultaneous space gaining and derotation.
    • To demonstrate the clinical application of this spring design in aligning a severely rotated lower central incisor.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel spring design was conceptualized and fabricated.
    • The spring's application was illustrated using a clinical case involving a severely rotated lower central incisor.

    Main Results:

    • The spring design facilitated simultaneous space gaining and derotation.
    • Successful alignment of the severely rotated lower central incisor was achieved.

    Conclusions:

    • The introduced spring design provides a simple and efficient solution for managing dental rotations and space discrepancies.
    • This technique offers a viable alternative for orthodontic treatment planning, particularly for complex incisor alignment cases.