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Metallic Solids02:37

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods
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Structure evolution of h.c.p./c.c.p. metal oxide interfaces in solid-state reactions.

C Li1, G Habler1, T Griffiths1

  • 1Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria.

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and Advances
|September 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Interface migration in the Al2O3/MgAl2O4/MgO system is driven by partial dislocation glide, enabling cation exchange and zipper-like propagation. This process leads to MgAl2O4 grain growth and coarsening, offering insights into solid-state reactions.

Keywords:
aberration-corrected STEMdislocation glideh.c.p./c.c.p. (h.c.p./f.c.c.) latticesinterface migrationpartial dislocations

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Crystalline interface structure is crucial for solid-state reactions.
  • The Al2O3/MgAl2O4/MgO system serves as a model for interface reaction mechanisms.
  • Understanding interface migration is key to controlling material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the atomic structure and migration mechanisms of Al2O3/MgAl2O4 interfaces.
  • To characterize the role of dislocations in interface progression during different growth stages.
  • To elucidate the crystallographic orientations and grain boundary formation in MgAl2O4.

Main Methods:

  • Growth of MgAl2O4 layers between Al2O3 and MgO.
  • Characterization of atomic structure using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM).
  • Analysis of oxygen sublattice stacking transitions (h.c.p. to c.c.p.).

Main Results:

  • Observed transformation of oxygen sublattice stacking from hexagonal close-packed (h.c.p.) in Al2O3 to cubic close-packed (c.c.p.) in MgAl2O4.
  • Identified partial dislocations associated with steps at the interface, dominating in later diffusion-controlled stages.
  • Demonstrated interface progression via partial dislocation glide with Al3+/Mg2+ cation exchange, resembling zipper-like motion.

Conclusions:

  • Interface migration in this system is accomplished by partial dislocation glide, facilitating cation exchange.
  • MgAl2O4 grains grow via oppositely gliding dislocations, forming twin and grain boundaries.
  • The findings provide a framework for understanding interface reactions and phase transformations in materials with h.c.p./c.c.p. transitions.