Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

4.8K
X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
4.8K
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

26.2K
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
26.2K
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

52.5K
Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
52.5K
What are Estimates?01:06

What are Estimates?

8.8K
It isn't easy to measure a parameter such as the mean height or the mean weight of a population. So, we draw samples from the population and calculate the mean height or mean weight of the individuals in the sample. This sample data acts as a representative measure of the population parameter. These sample statistics are known as estimates. 
The estimate for the mean of a sample is denoted by ͞x, whereas the mean of the population is designated as μ. Further, parameters such...
8.8K
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

10.5K
German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
10.5K
Estimation of k and VD of Aminoglycosides01:20

Estimation of k and VD of Aminoglycosides

248
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used to treat various bacterial infections. Clinicians must determine the elimination rate constant (k) and volume of distribution (VD) to optimize therapeutic efficacy and minimize toxicity. The k value represents the rate at which the drug is removed from the body, and the VD reflects the degree to which the drug distributes into body tissues. Accurately estimating these parameters allows healthcare professionals to tailor drug dosing to individual...
248

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Response to Fraser & Wark's comments on A new theory for X-ray diffraction.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2018
Same author

What is an `ideally imperfect' crystal? Is kinematical theory appropriate?

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2015
Same author

X-ray investigation of lateral hetero-structures of inversion domains in LiNbO3, KTiOPO4 and KTiOAsO4.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2015
Same author

A new theory for X-ray diffraction.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2014
Same author

A compact high-resolution X-ray powder diffractometer.

Journal of applied crystallography·2013
Same author

High-resolution X-ray diffraction and imaging.

Journal of applied crystallography·2013

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease
08:26

X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease

Published on: July 18, 2019

7.8K

Estimating the structure factors in X-ray diffraction.

Paul F Fewster1

  • 1Brighton, UK.

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and Advances
|September 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new diffraction theory explains experimental results by showing residual intensity is a diffraction effect. This theory suggests structure factors are distributed, requiring estimation for accurate experimental capture.

Keywords:
diffraction theoryimperfect crystalspowder diffractionserial crystallographystructure factors

More Related Videos

Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies
12:38

Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies

Published on: April 11, 2021

7.0K
Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
11:48

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Published on: April 24, 2018

15.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease
08:26

X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease

Published on: July 18, 2019

7.8K
Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies
12:38

Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies

Published on: April 11, 2021

7.0K
Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
11:48

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Published on: April 24, 2018

15.3K

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Physics

Background:

  • The interpretation of experimental results in crystallography relies on established diffraction theories.
  • Estimating structure factors is crucial for understanding crystal structures.
  • Conventional theories may not fully account for all diffraction phenomena in imperfect crystals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the implications of the new diffraction theory for interpreting experimental data.
  • To investigate the estimation of structure factors under the framework of this new theory.
  • To provide experimental evidence supporting the new diffraction theory's conclusions.

Main Methods:

  • Applying concepts from the new diffraction theory.
  • Analyzing residual intensity at twice the Bragg angle.
  • Investigating higher-order peaks related to path lengths of nλ.
  • Considering experimental data collection methods.

Main Results:

  • Residual intensity at twice the Bragg angle is identified as a diffraction effect, not crystal shape.
  • An 'enhancement' effect is observed, independent of kinematical or dynamical theories.
  • Dynamical effects in imperfect crystals are better understood.
  • `Systematically absent' reflections may not be absent under the new theory.
  • Structure factors are shown to be distributed and potentially underestimated in experiments.

Conclusions:

  • The new diffraction theory offers a refined interpretation of experimental diffraction data.
  • Accurate estimation of structure factors requires accounting for distributed intensity, often missed in standard measurements.
  • Experimental methods need adjustment to capture the full structure factor, including missing intensity components.