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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

918
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
918
The Resting Membrane Potential01:21

The Resting Membrane Potential

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Overview
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Resting Membrane Potential01:24

Resting Membrane Potential

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The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is generated by differences in permeability of the membrane to various ions and the concentrations of these ions across the membrane.
The Inside of a Neuron is More Negative
The membrane potential of a cell can be measured by inserting a microelectrode into a cell and comparing the charge to a reference electrode in the extracellular fluid. The...
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Resting Potential Decay01:15

Resting Potential Decay

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The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) and highly permeable to potassium ions (K+). Differences in the ions' concentration inside the cell compared to the outside are maintained by membrane transport proteins like channels and pumps.
At rest, the K+ is the main ion that moves across the membrane...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
821
Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia
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Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia

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Relating resting-state hemodynamic changes to the variable language profiles in post-stroke aphasia.

Ying Zhao1, Matthew A Lambon Ralph2, Ajay D Halai2

  • 1Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK;; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK.

Neuroimage. Clinical
|September 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Stroke recovery involves brain structure and function. This study links brain tissue integrity and blood flow changes to language and executive skills in chronic post-stroke aphasia patients.

Keywords:
Hemodynamic changesLesionResting-state fMRIStroke aphasia

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Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Understanding stroke recovery requires linking brain damage to behavioral outcomes.
  • Chronic post-stroke aphasia presents challenges in assessing the limits of language and cognitive recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between temporal hemodynamic changes and language performance in chronic post-stroke aphasia.
  • To explore how structural damage and functional integrity of brain tissue influence behavioral profiles after stroke.

Main Methods:

  • Collected language and neuropsychological data from 66 chronic post-stroke aphasia patients.
  • Utilized principal component analysis to identify core language-neuropsychological features.
  • Analyzed resting-state fMRI data from 35 patients to calculate hemodynamic time-course lags in intact brain regions.

Main Results:

  • Phonological abilities correlated with left temporal/parietal structural integrity and hemodynamic advance.
  • Speech fluency linked to premotor region integrity and hemodynamic advance in specific temporal/occipital areas.
  • Semantic performance related to ventral temporal lobe integrity and hemodynamic delay.
  • Executive functions correlated with hemodynamic delay in frontal, motor, and subcortical regions.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic language abilities post-stroke result from a combination of structural and functional integrity across distributed brain networks.
  • The correlation between hemodynamic changes and behavioral outcomes holds potential clinical significance for stroke recovery assessment.