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Inverse trigonometric functions are fundamental mathematical tools that reverse the actions of standard trigonometric functions. While trigonometric functions map angles to ratios, inverse trigonometric functions perform the opposite operation by mapping a ratio back to its corresponding angle. These functions are essential in various applications, particularly in determining angles when given specific distances, such as calculating elevation angles in navigation and engineering.For a function...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Registration of Calcium Transients in Mouse Neuromuscular Junction with High Temporal Resolution using Confocal Microscopy
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Improved sensitivity and temporal resolution in perfusion FMRI using velocity selective inversion ASL.

Luis Hernandez-Garcia1, Jon-Fredrik Nielsen1, Douglas C Noll1

  • 1University of Michigan FMRI Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|September 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Velocity selective inversion (VSI) pulses offer a faster acquisition rate for perfusion functional MRI. These VSI pulses demonstrate greater sensitivity to neuronal activity compared to pseudocontinuous ASL, enhancing fMRI performance.

Keywords:
ASLVSIarterial spin labelingbolus arrival timebrainfunctional MRIperfusionvelocity selective inversion

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) is a non-invasive MRI technique used to measure cerebral blood flow.
  • Optimizing ASL for functional MRI (fMRI) requires efficient labeling strategies to maximize signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of velocity selective inversion (VSI) pulses for perfusion-weighted functional MRI.
  • To characterize VSI pulses as an input function for ASL experiments and compare their performance against existing methods.

Main Methods:

  • Tracer kinetic modeling was used to characterize VSI pulses in healthy participants.
  • Numerical simulations optimized timing parameters for maximal SNR efficiency in fMRI time-series acquisition.
  • Three VSI pulse sequences were compared with a pseudocontinuous ASL (PCASL) sequence in fMRI experiments.

Main Results:

  • VSI pulses yielded arterial cerebral blood volume (CBV) and perfusion rates comparable to established models.
  • FMRI experiments showed VSI pulses achieved comparable sensitivity to PCASL at TR=4s.
  • VSI pulses allowed faster acquisition (TR=3s) and exhibited higher sensitivity to neuronal activity (31% higher Z-scores) than PCASL.

Conclusions:

  • VSI pulses are beneficial for perfusion-weighted fMRI due to their tracer kinetic properties.
  • VSI pulses enable faster acquisition rates while maintaining an efficient labeling input function.
  • VSI pulses offer enhanced sensitivity to neuronal activity compared to PCASL.