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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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A vendor-neutral functional MRI acquisition protocol for multi-site studies.

Jon-Fredrik Nielsen1,2, Maximillian K Egan1, Qingping Chen3

  • 1Functional MRI Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.

Aperture Neuro
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

We developed an open, vendor-neutral BOLD SMS-EPI protocol using Pulseq for multi-site fMRI studies. This standardized approach ensures consistent imaging across vendors, reducing site variance and enhancing reproducible research.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Multi-site fMRI studies face challenges with data consistency due to vendor-specific hardware and software.
  • Conventional vendor-specific acquisition and reconstruction pipelines lead to experimental variability across research sites.
  • Standardization is crucial for improving the reproducibility and reliability of large-scale neuroimaging research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an open, vendor-neutral BOLD SMS-EPI protocol for multi-site fMRI studies.
  • To provide a standardized alternative to vendor-specific MRI acquisition and reconstruction pipelines.
  • To ensure identical SMS-EPI pulse sequences and image reconstruction across different scanner vendors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Pulseq framework, an open-source standard for cross-platform MRI pulse sequence development.

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  • Implemented a vendor-neutral simultaneous multi-slice echo-planar imaging (SMS-EPI) protocol.
  • Validated the protocol using resting-state fMRI data from healthy volunteers on Siemens and GE scanners.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated identical SMS-EPI pulse sequences and image reconstruction across multiple scanner vendors.
    • Showcased reduced site variance in resting-state fMRI data compared to vendor-specific protocols.
    • Confirmed consistent experimental conditions across different sites and scanner software versions.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed Pulseq-based SMS-EPI protocol offers a standardized solution for multi-site fMRI research.
    • This approach enhances data reproducibility by minimizing scanner-related variability.
    • The protocol serves as a foundation for future advancements in MRI acquisition and reconstruction techniques.