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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
30.9K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.1K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy
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Accessing crystal-crystal interaction forces with oriented nanocrystal atomic force microscopy probes.

Xin Zhang1, Yang He2, Jia Liu3

  • 1Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA. xin.zhang@pnnl.gov.

Nature Protocols
|September 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure forces between oriented nanocrystals. This technique helps understand biomaterial formation, crucial for biology and materials science.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomineralization
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Biominerals are vital in biological systems, but their oriented crystallization mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Understanding these processes is key for advances in biology, biogeoscience, and biochemistry.
  • Current techniques lack precision in measuring nanocrystal interactions at varying distances and orientations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a protocol for fabricating oriented single-nanocrystal AFM probes.
  • To detail methods for measuring nanocrystal interaction forces using AFM and ETEM-AFM.
  • To enable precise quantification of direction-specific forces between oriented nanocrystal faces.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of oriented nanocrystal AFM probes via focused ion beam (FIB) milling.
  • Utilizing dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS)-based AFM for interaction force measurements.
  • Employing environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM)-AFM for enhanced nanoscale analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successful fabrication of oriented nanocrystal force probes from calcite, zinc oxide, and rutile.
  • Demonstration of quantifying direction-specific interaction forces between nanocrystal faces.
  • Protocol developed for probe fabrication in 2-3 hours.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol provides a transferable method for studying biomaterial crystallization.
  • Enables precise measurement of nanocrystal interactions, advancing understanding of biomineral formation.
  • Applicable to various minerals, including bone apatites, facilitating cross-disciplinary research.