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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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First Order Systems01:21

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First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Mairéad G McNamara1, Jennifer J Knox1

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.

Hepatic Oncology
|September 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Optimal treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is evolving. Sorafenib and targeted therapies like c-MET inhibitors show promise, but challenges remain for specific patient groups.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatobiliary cancers
  • Medical oncology
  • Translational research

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment remains challenging, especially for advanced stages.
  • Sorafenib approval marked a significant advancement in systemic therapy for advanced HCC.
  • Current research focuses on expanding treatment options and addressing unmet needs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging systemic treatments for advanced HCC.
  • To explore the potential of targeted therapies, including c-MET inhibitors.
  • To identify ongoing clinical trials and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trials and therapeutic advancements in HCC.
  • Analysis of systemic treatments, including sorafenib and targeted agents.

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  • Discussion of interventional therapies like chemoembolization.

    • Main Results:

    • Sorafenib has become a standard systemic treatment, with ongoing trials evaluating adjuvant use.
    • Doxorubicin-eluting bead embolization offers a potentially safer interventional option.
    • Targeted therapies, such as c-MET inhibitors, are under investigation for specific HCC subtypes.

    Conclusions:

    • Systemic and targeted therapies are expanding treatment paradigms for advanced HCC.
    • Further research is needed to optimize treatment for complex cases, including Child-Pugh B patients and post-transplant recurrence.
    • Clinical trials are crucial for validating new therapeutic strategies in HCC.