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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Perpendicular-Axis Theorem01:16

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The perpendicular-axis theorem states that the moment of inertia of a planar object about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia about two mutually perpendicular concurrent axes lying in the plane of the body.
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Parallel-axis Theorem01:06

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The parallel-axis theorem provides a convenient and quick method of finding the moment of inertia of an object about an axis parallel to the axis passing through its center of mass. Consider a thin rod as an example. There is a striking similarity between the process of finding the moment of inertia of a thin rod about an axis through its middle, where the center of mass lies, and about an axis through its end using the conventional method. In the conventional method, the concept of linear mass...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Interactions between hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis and other pituitary dysfunctions.

Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen1, Marianne Klose2, Salvatore Benvenga3,4,5

  • 1Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark. ufeldt@rh.dk.

Endocrine
|September 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Central hypothyroidism, a condition of low free thyroxine (free T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) due to pituitary issues, is often missed. This review covers its diagnosis, interactions with other hormones, and risks of undertreatment.

Keywords:
Central hypothyroidismDiagnosisHypopituitarismPituitary testingThyrotropin deficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Central hypothyroidism involves low free thyroxine (free T4) and inappropriately low thyrotropin (TSH) in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary pathology.
  • It is often overlooked due to diagnostic challenges, subtle symptoms, and misinterpretation of biochemical markers.
  • Co-existing pituitary hormone deficiencies and their treatment significantly impact thyroid hormone measurements and clinical interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review central hypothyroidism, including its interactions with other pituitary hormones.
  • To discuss diagnostic approaches and testing strategies for central hypothyroidism.
  • To highlight the clinical consequences of undertreatment and strategies for accurate diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on central hypothyroidism.
  • Analysis of interactions between thyroid hormones and other pituitary axes.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and challenges in interpreting thyroid function tests.
  • Examination of metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of undertreatment.

Main Results:

  • Central hypothyroidism diagnosis is complex due to overlapping hormonal deficiencies and treatment effects.
  • Undertreatment can lead to significant metabolic disturbances and increased cardiovascular morbidity.
  • Accurate diagnosis requires stringent testing, especially in new settings with lower pre-test probability of hypopituitarism.

Conclusions:

  • Central hypothyroidism requires careful diagnostic evaluation due to its subtle presentation and potential for misinterpretation.
  • Understanding the interplay with other pituitary hormones is crucial for appropriate management.
  • Avoiding undertreatment is essential to prevent adverse metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes.