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Related Concept Videos

Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

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The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
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Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
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Making, Testing, and Using Potassium Ion Selective Microelectrodes in Tissue Slices of Adult Brain
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Impedance-based sensor for potassium ions.

C Day1, S Søpstad2, H Ma3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|September 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new conductometric sensor for accurately measuring potassium ions in solutions. The compact, robust device uses a specialized polymer membrane and impedance measurements, eliminating the need for a reference electrode.

Keywords:
Blood analysisConductometric sensorImpedance spectroscopyIon-selective membranePortable sensorPotassium

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Potassium ion (K+) measurement is crucial in clinical diagnostics.
  • Existing methods for potassium detection can be complex or require reference electrodes.
  • Development of miniaturized, robust sensors for in-situ potassium monitoring is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel conductometric sensor for potassium ions.
  • To optimize sensor performance, including sensitivity and selectivity.
  • To demonstrate the sensor's utility in a clinically relevant concentration range.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of interdigitated planar gold electrodes.
  • Coating electrodes with a polymer membrane (poly(vinyl chloride), plasticizer, potassium-selective ionophore).
  • Impedance measurements of the membrane to correlate with potassium ion concentration.

Main Results:

  • The sensor demonstrated sensitivity to potassium ion concentration.
  • High selectivity for potassium ions over sodium ions was achieved.
  • The sensor successfully operated without a reference electrode.
  • Performance was validated across the clinically relevant range of 2.7-18.7 mM.

Conclusions:

  • A compact, miniature, and robust conductometric sensor for potassium ions was successfully developed.
  • Impedance measurements provide a viable method for potassium detection without a reference electrode.
  • The sensor shows promise for point-of-care or in-line monitoring applications.