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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
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Epigenetic mechanisms regulating T-cell responses.

Christian Schmidl1, Michael Delacher2, Jochen Huehn3

  • 1Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|September 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation and histone changes are crucial for T cell function and stability. This review explores how these epigenetic processes control T cell development, activation, differentiation, and memory, impacting immunity and immunotherapy.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEpigeneticsT-cell developmentT-cell exhaustionT-cell functionchromatin accessibilityenhancergene regulationhistone modificationspromoterregulatory T cellstissue specificitytranscription factor binding

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Recent advances in sequencing technologies have generated extensive data on epigenetic modifications in T cells.
  • T cells exhibit significant epigenome remodeling in response to signals, influencing their stability and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin structure in controlling T cell responses.
  • To discuss epigenetic processes in the context of CD4+ T helper (TH), regulatory T, and CD8+ T cell development, activation, and differentiation.
  • To explore mechanisms of molecular memory, stability, plasticity, and exhaustion in T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and mechanistic studies.
  • Analysis of epigenome maps in conjunction with functional studies of T cells.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are central to regulating T cell phenotype and function.
  • Specific epigenetic processes govern the development, activation, and differentiation of various T cell subsets.
  • Environmental factors can imprint T cell epigenomes, with potential relevance for immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic regulation is fundamental for adaptive immunity, ensuring T cell memory, stability, plasticity, and preventing exhaustion.
  • Understanding these epigenetic imprints is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies.