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Related Concept Videos

What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

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Overview
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Natural Selection and Adaptation01:15

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
Beyond physical adaptations,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Selective Cleaning of Wild Caenorhabditis Nematodes to Enrich for Intestinal Microbiome Bacteria
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Selective enrichment of CD133

Ke Lv1,2, Zhenyu Chen2,3,4, Xiaoqing Zhang2,3,4

  • 1Neurosurgical Department, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.

Oncology Letters
|September 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Adherent culture enriches brain cancer stem cells (CSCs) in glioblastomas, identified by Sox2 and CD133 markers. This method is less effective for other brain tumor types lacking these specific CSC markers.

Keywords:
CD133SOX2cancer stem cellsglioblastoma

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Cancer Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Malignant brain tumors have poor prognoses, with cancer stem cells (CSCs) crucial for tumor progression and relapse.
  • Traditional suspension spheroid culture enriches CSCs, but recent findings suggest adherent monolayer culture may also be feasible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using adherent monolayer culture for enriching CSCs from surgically resected brain tumors.
  • To determine the suitability of this method for different types of brain tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 18 surgically resected brain tumors.
  • Utilizing adherent monolayer culture to enrich for CSCs.
  • Immunophenotypic analysis of enriched cells for CSC markers (Sox2, CD133, GFAP, Nestin).

Main Results:

  • Adherent culture successfully enriched CSCs in 50% of glioblastoma samples.
  • Enriched glioblastoma CSCs were consistently positive for Sox2, CD133, GFAP, and Nestin.
  • Adherent culture failed to yield CSCs from secondary brain tumors (neurocytomas, ependymomas, germ cell tumors, low-grade astrocytomas), likely due to the absence of CD133+/Sox2+ cells in original biopsies.

Conclusions:

  • Adherent monolayer culture is a viable method for enriching brain CSCs, particularly in glioblastomas.
  • This method is most effective for brain tumors with a population of CD133+/Sox2+ CSCs, such as glioblastomas.