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Ionic Radii

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Ionic liquids-a novel material for planar photonics.

Krzysztof Rola¹, Adrian Zajac, Maciej Czajkowski

¹PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland.

|September 11, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Eco-friendly ionic liquids offer a sustainable alternative to polymer resists for electron beam patterning. These novel materials form high-quality microstructures for photonic applications.

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Published on: August 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Photonics

Background:

Electron beam patterning is crucial for fabricating miniaturized photonic devices.
Conventional methods rely on polymer-based resists, which can pose environmental concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the use of eco-friendly, solvent-free room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as alternatives to traditional polymer resists.
To investigate the in-situ polymerization and solidification of RTILs using electron beams for microfabrication.

Main Methods:

Utilized electron beam lithography for direct polymerization of RTILs.
Investigated two types of RTILs: high-viscous Cl-based and low-viscous NTf2-based.
Characterized the morphology and optical properties of the resulting polymerized microstructures.

Main Results:

Demonstrated successful in-situ polymerization of RTILs into solid microstructures via electron beam exposure.
Observed distinct structural morphologies between Cl-based and NTf2-based RTILs due to viscosity differences.
Achieved satisfactory quality and light transmission properties in the RTIL-derived microstructures.

Conclusions:

Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are viable, eco-friendly alternatives for electron beam patterning in microfabrication.
RTIL-derived microstructures exhibit promising characteristics for near-infrared photonic elements.
The choice of RTIL influences the final microstructure's shape and properties.