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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Developmental psychology explores the changes and continuities in human abilities throughout life, encompassing physical, cognitive, linguistic, and social dimensions. Human development is not restricted to growth, but includes aspects of decline, particularly in physical abilities as individuals age. Developmental psychologists seek to understand how people change as they age and how their mental and social skills evolve.Developmental MilestonesA key concept in developmental psychology is...
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Related Experiment Video

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Plastic Embedding and Sectioning of Xenopus laevis Embryos
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Aggregation recovers developmental plasticity in mouse polyploid embryos.

Hiroyuki Imai1, Wataru Fujii2, Ken Takeshi Kusakabe1

  • 1Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 7538515, Japan.

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|September 14, 2018
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Summary

Early mammalian embryos can tolerate whole genome duplication, developing into blastocysts even with increased ploidy. However, fusing hyperpolyploid embryos can restore inner cell mass pluripotency.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Polyploidization is generally detrimental to mammalian development.
  • Tetraploid embryos can develop to blastocysts, but mechanisms of polyploid tolerance are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental potential of hyperpolyploid embryos in mammals.
  • To understand the cellular tolerance to whole genome duplication during early development.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of tetraploid, octaploid, and hexadecaploid embryos via repetitive whole genome duplication.
  • In vitro culture and assessment of polyploid embryo development to the blastocyst stage.
  • Aggregation of hexadecaploid embryos to form fused embryos.

Main Results:

  • All generated polyploid embryos (tetraploid, octaploid, hexadecaploid) developed to the blastocyst stage in vitro.
  • Hexadecaploid blastocysts lacked an inner cell mass, indicating developmental defects.
  • Fused hexadecaploid embryos recovered pluripotent cells within the blastocyst.

Conclusions:

  • Early mammalian embryos exhibit significant tolerance and plasticity towards hyperpolyploidization.
  • Despite genome duplication, basic cellular functions support blastocyst formation.
  • Restoration of pluripotency in fused hyperpolyploid embryos suggests adaptive mechanisms.