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Prenatal testosterone does not explain sex differences in spatial ability.

Teemu Toivainen1, Giulia Pannini2, Kostas A Papageorgiou3,4

  • 1Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom.

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Males generally excel in spatial abilities. This study found no evidence that prenatal testosterone transfer from male to female twins influences these sex differences in spatial skills.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Genetics
  • Human Cognition

Background:

  • Sex differences in spatial ability consistently favor males.
  • The Twin Testosterone Transfer (TTT) hypothesis suggests prenatal testosterone exposure influences these differences.
  • Previous twin studies indicated females with male co-twins show enhanced spatial performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the Twin Testosterone Transfer (TTT) hypothesis across multiple spatial ability measures.
  • To determine if prenatal testosterone transfer affects sex differences in spatial cognition in young adult twins.

Main Methods:

  • A large twin sample (19-21 years old) was assessed on 14 different spatial ability tasks.
  • Performance on spatial tasks was compared between males and females.
  • Performance of females with male co-twins was compared to females with female co-twins.

Main Results:

  • Males significantly outperformed females across all 14 spatial ability tasks.
  • Females with male co-twins showed a slight advantage over females with female co-twins on only two tasks.
  • The effect sizes for these advantages in females were negligible, indicating minimal impact.

Conclusions:

  • The study found no significant evidence supporting the Twin Testosterone Transfer hypothesis.
  • Prenatal testosterone transfer from male to female co-twins does not appear to influence sex differences in spatial ability.
  • Observed sex differences in spatial cognition are likely influenced by factors other than in-utero testosterone transfer.