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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Shapes01:18

Molecular Shapes

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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Three-Dimensional Shape Modeling and Analysis of Brain Structures
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3D Shape Modeling for Cell Nuclear Morphological Analysis and Classification.

Alexandr A Kalinin1,2, Ari Allyn-Feuer1, Alex Ade1

  • 1Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Scientific Reports
|September 14, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel 3D nuclear morphometric technique for analyzing cell nuclei and nucleoli shapes. The method achieves high accuracy in classifying cancer cells and fibroblasts, enabling large-scale population analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Biophysics
  • Computational biology

Background:

  • Quantitative analysis of cell nucleus morphology is crucial for understanding nuclear architecture and its role in diseases like cancer.
  • Challenges in 3D morphological analysis arise from data dimensionality and diverse nuclear shapes, necessitating robust techniques for population-wide studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a new approach for 3D nuclear and nucleoli morphometric analysis.
  • To enable accurate, large-scale quantitative assessment of nuclear shape characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized robust surface reconstruction for precise 3D object boundary approximation.
  • Computed geometric morphological measures to characterize cell nuclei and nucleoli.
  • Developed a highly parallel pipeline workflow for high-throughput analysis.

Main Results:

  • Compared morphometric features of over 450 prostate cancer cell nuclei and 1,000 fibroblast cell nuclei.
  • Achieved high classification accuracy (95.4%-98%) for prostate cancer cells and fibroblasts using sets of 9 and 15 cells.
  • Demonstrated the method's capability for analyzing thousands of nuclei and nucleoli in 3D.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed approach effectively models and analyzes 3D nuclear and nucleoli shapes.
  • This technique provides a robust and scalable solution for population-wide 3D nuclear morphometric analysis.
  • The study represents a novel combination of methods for 3D nuclear shape modeling and high-throughput morphometric analysis.