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Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water01:16

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

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Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le...
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

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Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

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Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
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Comparative Study on the Polysaccharide Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis and Hippophae gyantsensis
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Water Soluble Antioxidative Crude Polysaccharide From

Somanjana Khatua1, Krishnendu Acharya1

  • 1Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study scientifically validates Russula senecis, a mushroom used as tribal food, revealing its polysaccharide Rusenan possesses significant antioxidant and immune-boosting properties. These findings support its potential as a functional food and dietary supplement for enhancing health.

Keywords:
RAW 264.7 cellsantioxidant activityethnic foodimmuno-stimulatory ingredientsmolecular conformationmushroom β-glucan

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Food Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Russula senecis, a newly reported mushroom in West Bengal, is traditionally consumed for health benefits.
  • Previous work identified it as a tribal food source, necessitating scientific validation of its nutritional and medicinal properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To scientifically establish the health-promoting properties of Russula senecis.
  • To characterize the crude polysaccharide (Rusenan) and evaluate its antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction and characterization of Rusenan using spectrophotometry, FT-IR, HPTLC, and GC-MS.
  • In vitro assessment of antioxidant activity via radical scavenging assays (DPPH, ABTS) and metal ion chelation.
  • In vivo evaluation of immunomodulatory effects on murine macrophages, including cell proliferation, phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) production, and gene expression analysis (RT-PCR).

Main Results:

  • Rusenan is a carbohydrate-rich polysaccharide with glucose as the major monosaccharide, exhibiting strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.
  • Polysaccharide treatment enhanced murine macrophage proliferation, phagocytic activity, NO production, and ROS synthesis.
  • Significant upregulation of Toll-like receptors (TLR-4, TLR-2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was observed, alongside modulation of inflammatory markers.

Conclusions:

  • Russula senecis derived polysaccharide Rusenan demonstrates potent antioxidant and immune-stimulatory activities.
  • These findings support the classification of R. senecis as a functional food.
  • The study suggests potential applications of R. senecis in dietary supplements aimed at general health enhancement.