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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength02:18

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The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae
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Published on: February 18, 2013

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Association of

Huan Ren1,2,3, Sheng-Lan Tan1,2, Mou-Ze Liu1,2,3

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found no significant association between paraoxonase 2 (PON2) gene variants Ser311Cys and Ala148Gly and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in the Chinese population. These findings clarify the role of these specific PON2 polymorphisms in T2DM development.

Keywords:
Ala148GlyPON2Ser311Cysgene polymorphismsusceptibilitytype 2 diabetes

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A Pathway Association Study Tool for GWAS Analyses of Metabolic Pathway Information
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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Population Studies

Background:

  • Conflicting evidence exists regarding the association between paraoxonase 2 (PON2) gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk.
  • Previous investigations in the Chinese population have yielded inconsistent results.
  • A systematic evaluation is needed to clarify the relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate the association between PON2 Ser311Cys and Ala148Gly polymorphisms and T2DM risk.
  • To pool data from relevant studies to increase statistical power.
  • To provide a definitive conclusion on the role of these PON2 variants in T2DM susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases.
  • Inclusion of studies investigating PON2 Ser311Cys and Ala148Gly polymorphisms in relation to T2DM.
  • Meta-analysis using various genetic models (allelic, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, dominant) and calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Main Results:

  • No significant association was found between the PON2 Ser311Cys polymorphism and T2DM risk across all genetic models.
  • Similarly, the PON2 Ala148Gly polymorphism showed no significant association with T2DM risk under any genetic model.
  • Statistical analysis indicated no link between these specific PON2 gene variants and the likelihood of developing T2DM.

Conclusions:

  • The PON2 Ser311Cys polymorphism is not associated with T2DM risk in the Chinese population.
  • The PON2 Ala148Gly polymorphism is also not associated with T2DM risk in this population.
  • These findings suggest that these specific PON2 gene variants do not play a significant role in T2DM pathogenesis in Chinese individuals.