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Related Concept Videos

What is an Experiment?01:12

What is an Experiment?

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An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
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Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
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In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
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When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
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Randomized Experiments01:13

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
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Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach
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Robot Assisted Trans Axillary Thyroidectomy: A Subcontinent Experience.

Ashok Kumar Gupta1, Amit Kumar1, Abhijeet Singh1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 2nd Floor, Room No. 25 & 31, Faculty Offices D Block, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh, India.

Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Transaxillary robotic thyroidectomy shows promise in India, with no brachial plexus injuries observed. Malleable retractors are recommended for unique patient physical parameters.

Keywords:
Minimally invasive surgeryRobotic thyroidectomyTransaxillary thyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Robotics
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background:

  • Transaxillary robotic thyroidectomy (TRT) is an emerging minimally invasive technique.
  • Evaluating its feasibility and challenges in the Indian subcontinent is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the outcomes and initial challenges of TRT in Indian patients.
  • To compare different arm positions for robotic docking and their impact on complications.

Main Methods:

  • Seven patients underwent TRT between August 2016 and February 2017.
  • Preoperative brachial plexus nerve conduction studies were performed.
  • Patient outcomes were assessed via questionnaires on discharge and at one-month follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Colloid goiter and follicular lesions were the most common pathologies.
  • Mean console time was 167 minutes; initial cases exceeded 200 minutes.
  • No brachial plexus injuries occurred; malleable retractors were found useful.

Conclusions:

  • TRT is feasible in the Indian subcontinent with careful consideration of patient anatomy.
  • Malleable retractors are recommended over rigid ones for this approach.
  • Sideways arm positioning appears more favorable, though both positions yielded similar outcomes.