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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:28

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Esophageal perforations manifest in various clinical forms, influenced by factors such as the perforation's cause and location (cervical, intrathoracic, or intra-abdominal), the extent of contamination, and potential injury to adjacent mediastinal structures. The timing between the perforation occurrence and treatment initiation also affects the clinical presentation.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Author Spotlight: Investigating the Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
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Eosinophilic esophagitis: pathophysiology and its clinical implications.

Eisuke Inage1,2, Glenn T Furuta2, Calies Menard-Katcher2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.

American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic condition distinct from GERD, characterized by esophageal inflammation and symptoms like dysphagia. Recent research clarifies its genetic, immunological, and barrier dysfunction aspects, improving diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
barrierdysphagiaeosinophilic oesophagitisfeeding dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Allergy

Background:

  • Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging antigen-mediated chronic disease.
  • It presents with feeding dysfunction, dysphagia, and reflux-like symptoms, distinct from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
  • Histological findings include a dense epithelial eosinophilic infiltrate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinicopathologic diagnostic criteria for EoE.
  • To enhance understanding of EoE as an allergic disease with genetic and immunological components.
  • To explore the role of epithelial barrier dysfunction and advances in assessing esophageal narrowing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental modeling and clinical studies from the last decade.
  • Analysis of clinicopathologic diagnostic criteria.
  • Discussion of pathophysiologic mechanisms and clinical assessment techniques.

Main Results:

  • Improved mechanistic insights into EoE pathophysiology.
  • Recognition of epithelial barrier dysfunction as a key factor.
  • Advances in understanding the relationship between symptoms and disease mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • EoE is an allergic disease influenced by genetic and immunological factors.
  • Epithelial barrier dysfunction plays a crucial role in EoE development and progression.
  • Current understanding facilitates improved clinical assessment and therapeutic strategies for EoE.