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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Small and Bright Lithium-Based Upconverting Nanoparticles.

Ting Cheng1, Riccardo Marin1, Artiom Skripka1

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Researchers developed small, bright upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) for biomedical applications. These nanoparticles efficiently convert near-infrared (NIR) light to ultraviolet (UV) light, enabling deeper tissue penetration for treatments like photodynamic therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is effective for tumor treatment but has limited tissue penetration.
  • Near-infrared (NIR) light penetrates tissues deeply but lacks energy for photochemical processes.
  • Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) convert NIR to UV light, but larger sizes are needed for efficiency, hindering cellular uptake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop small, highly efficient UCNPs for biomedical applications.
  • To overcome the trade-off between UCNP size and NIR-to-UV upconversion efficiency.
  • To create UCNPs suitable for deep-tissue light-mediated therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized 5 nm UCNPs by controlling ligand ratios (oleylamine/oleic acid).
  • Stabilized UCNPs via annealing in oleic acid to create sub-10 nm crystals.
  • Grew shells on UCNP cores to significantly enhance NIR-to-UV upconversion efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Achieved chemically stable, monodisperse sub-10 nm UCNPs.
  • Demonstrated orders-of-magnitude improvement in NIR-to-UV upconversion after shell growth.
  • LiYbF4:Tm3+/LiYF4 UCNPs outperformed larger gold-standard UCNPs in upconversion efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The two-step strategy yields small, bright UCNPs suitable for biomedical use.
  • These UCNPs combine deep tissue penetration (NIR) with efficient UV emission.
  • The developed UCNPs show significant potential for light-mediated tumor treatments.