Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...

Internal Energy

Internal Energy

The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.

Gibbs Free Energy

Gibbs Free Energy

One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the surroundings. An alternative approach involving a new thermodynamic property defined in terms of system properties only was introduced in the late nineteenth century by American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. This new property is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (or simply the free...

What is Energy?

What is Energy?

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized...

Free Energy

Free Energy

Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...

Nuclear Binding Energy

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Crossover Effects of Visuomotor Task Complexity in Training Reactive Agility of Ball Sports Athletes.

Journal of human kinetics·2026

Same author

Continuous Relative Phase Angle and Variability: A Crossover Analysis of Duration and Surface Effects While Long-Distance Running Over Treadmill and Over-Ground Running.

Applied bionics and biomechanics·2025

Same author

Expert consensus recommendations on the daily clinical use of pembrolizumab for early triple-negative breast cancer.

Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi·2025

Same author

Effects of Rope Therapy on Social Attention and Temperament Traits in Autistic Children.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Same author

Exploring the structured laser beam from the modified ray transfer matrix.

Optics letters·2025

Same author

Exploring the Relations Between Running Variability and Injury Susceptibility: A Scoping Review.

Sports (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice

Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice

Published on: November 11, 2021

Gender Differences in Energy Expenditure During Walking With Backpack and Double-Pack Loads.

Simon S W Li¹, Otto H T Chan¹, T Y Ng¹

¹The Education University of Hong Kong.

|September 15, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Female participants expended less energy carrying heavy double-packs compared to males. This study investigated gender differences in energy expenditure during walking with backpack and double-pack loads.

Keywords:

energy gait loading physiology posture

More Related Videos

High Throughput Danio Rerio Energy Expenditure Assay

High Throughput Danio Rerio Energy Expenditure Assay

Published on: January 27, 2016

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Published on: December 14, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice

Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice

Published on: November 11, 2021

High Throughput Danio Rerio Energy Expenditure Assay

High Throughput Danio Rerio Energy Expenditure Assay

Published on: January 27, 2016

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Published on: December 14, 2011

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Human Physiology
Exercise Science

Background:

Energy expenditure during walking with double-pack loads is generally lower than with backpack carriage.
The influence of gender on energy expenditure with different load distribution systems remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate gender-specific differences in energy expenditure.
To compare energy expenditure between backpack and double-pack loads.
To analyze the effect of gender on energy expenditure with these two load systems.

Main Methods:

Thirty healthy young adults (15 female, 15 male) walked on a treadmill for 10 minutes.
Loads equaled 30% of body weight, distributed as either a backpack or double-pack.
Oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were continuously monitored.

Main Results:

No significant time effect on VO2 was observed.
Significant effects of gender, pack type, and their interaction were found for VO2.
Female participants exhibited the lowest VO2 under double-pack conditions.

Conclusions:

Healthy young females demonstrated significantly lower normalized energy expenditure when carrying heavy double-packs compared to males.
Findings suggest a potential gender-based efficiency in carrying heavy loads with a double-pack system.