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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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The Roles of Bacteria and Fungi in Plant Nutrition02:11

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Plants have the impressive ability to create their own food through photosynthesis. However, plants often require assistance from organisms in the soil to acquire the nutrients they need to function correctly. Both bacteria and fungi have evolved symbiotic relationships with plants that help the species to thrive in a wide variety of environments.
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Dose-Response Relationship: Overview01:03

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Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay
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Relationship between nutritional status and the systemic inflammatory response: micronutrients.

Donald C McMillan1, Donogh Maguire2, Dinesh Talwar3

  • 1Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.

The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
|September 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Systemic inflammation significantly lowers plasma micronutrient levels, including vitamins and trace elements, regardless of injury type. Caution is advised when interpreting plasma micronutrient status during inflammation.

Keywords:
CRP C-reactive proteinC-reactive proteinMicronutrient statusSystemic inflammationTrace elementsvitamins

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Human Nutrition
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Micronutrients (vitamins and trace elements) are essential enzyme cofactors for cellular metabolism and nutritional status.
  • Systemic inflammation is a common physiological response to acute and chronic tissue injury.
  • Accurate assessment of micronutrient status is crucial for patient health and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the impact of systemic inflammation on plasma micronutrient status.
  • To evaluate micronutrient changes in both acute (surgical) and chronic tissue injury.
  • To determine the reliability of plasma micronutrient measurements during inflammatory states.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted using targeted subject headings.
  • Publications were screened, and data from studies on acute and chronic injury were extracted.
  • Plasma C-reactive protein levels were used to categorize inflammation severity (minor, moderate, major).

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease in most commonly measured plasma micronutrients (vitamins A, D, E, K, B2, B6, B12, C, zinc, selenium, carotenoids) was observed with increasing inflammation.
  • This reduction occurred irrespective of whether the injury was acute or chronic.
  • Plasma vitamin D, zinc, and carotenoids were most frequently studied, while vitamins K, B2, and B6 were least studied.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic inflammation consistently lowers plasma concentrations of many essential micronutrients.
  • Plasma micronutrient levels should be interpreted with caution in patients with systemic inflammation to avoid misdiagnosis of deficiency.
  • Intracellular micronutrient measurements may offer a more reliable alternative for assessing nutritional status during inflammation.