One step 3D printing of surface functionalized composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Engineering
• Surface Science
• Additive Manufacturing

Background:

• Designing surface properties of complex 3D-printed scaffolds remains a challenge.
• Developing efficient surface functionalization routes is crucial for advanced biomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

• To implement self-assembly principles for surface functionalization of 3D-printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) constructs.
• To tailor surface properties of macro- and microporous geometries using precision extruding deposition.

Main Methods:

• Three-component melts of PLGA, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and amphiphilic polymers (poly(2-oxazoline) block copolymer) were precisely extruded.
• Bulk and surface properties of the printed constructs were analyzed.

Main Results:

• Homogeneous distribution of up to 30% CaCO3 was achieved in printed melts.
• Increasing CaCO3 content enhanced microroughness and wettability synergistically with amphiphilic polymers.
• CaCO3 content influenced in vitro degradation, creating homogeneous mineral particle-associated microporosity.

Conclusions:

• Self-assembly processes can effectively tailor scaffold surface properties under precision extruding deposition conditions.
• This work provides novel insights into three-component melt behavior for advanced scaffold fabrication.