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Listening Effort: Order Effects and Core Executive Functions.

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Summary

Listening effort in noise was not behaviorally detected, but perceived listening effort increased significantly. Better inhibitory control correlated with higher perceived effort, suggesting susceptibility to task demands.

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory perception and cognitive science.
  • Psychology of hearing and attention.

Background:

  • Listening effort is influenced by auditory input demands and individual cognitive factors.
  • Factors like background noise increase listening demands, while cognitive functions like working memory and inhibitory control are internal influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure listening effort and perceived listening effort in individuals with normal hearing.
  • To investigate presentation order effects on listening effort measures.
  • To explore relationships between behavioral listening effort, perceived effort, and executive functions.

Main Methods:

  • A within-subject design with repeated measures was employed.
  • Participants completed a dual-task listening paradigm in quiet and in multitalker babble noise at 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
  • Measures included accuracy, response times, listening comprehension, perceived listening effort, working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral listening effort measures did not show significant differences between noise and quiet conditions.
  • A significant test order effect was observed for correct responses.
  • Perceived listening effort was significantly higher in noise compared to quiet, and better inhibitory control correlated with higher perceived effort.

Conclusions:

  • Standard behavioral measures may lack sensitivity to detect listening effort differences in certain conditions.
  • Self-reported perceived listening effort appears to be a valid measure, related to individual inhibitory control.
  • Individuals with higher inhibitory control may be more sensitive to listening task demands, regardless of the listening environment.