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The Turkish Version of Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale
Öznur Büyükturan1, Mehmet İlkin Naharci2, Buket Büyükturan1
1Ahi Evran University, School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Kırşehir, Turkey.
Introduction:
This study was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the "Pain Assessment In Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale".
Methods:
One hundred and six older adults with advanced dementia (AD) were recruited in the study. Detailed medical history and demographic data of the participants were recorded. Initially, the Turkish version of PAINAD (PAINAD-TR), which was prepared by means of "back-translation", was applied. Along with this scale, Mini Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating scale, and Visual Analog Scale were also used.
Results:
The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.82 and 0.85 for the test and re-test, respectively. For the test-retest reliability of the PAINAD-TR scale, values of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were 0.812 and 0.763-0.850 respectively. According to the results of a factor analysis carried out on the scale, a 2-domain structure was proved.
Conclusion:
The PAINAD-TR scale can be used for the assessment and management of pain in non-communicative older adults with AD.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Extraction: Advanced Methods

