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Bond Energies and Bond Lengths02:49

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Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
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Aldol condensation is an important route in synthetic organic chemistry used to generate a new carbon–carbon bond under basic or acidic conditions. The aldol condensation reaction presented in Figure 1 constitutes an aldol addition reaction followed by the dehydration process.
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A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding
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Chalcogen Bonding: An Overview.

Lukas Vogel1, Patrick Wonner1, Stefan M Huber1

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|September 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chalcogen bonding, a noncovalent interaction, is emerging as a powerful tool in crystal engineering and solution-phase chemistry. Recent advances highlight its utility in anion recognition, transport, and organic synthesis.

Keywords:
anion recognitionchalcogen bondingchalcogensnoncovalent interactionsorganocatalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Crystal Engineering
  • Solution-Phase Chemistry

Background:

  • Noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, are fundamental in chemistry.
  • Unusual noncovalent interactions, including anion-π and halogen bonding, offer novel alternatives.
  • Chalcogen bonding, involving Lewis acidic chalcogen centers, is gaining prominence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of chalcogen bonding applications in crystal engineering and solution.
  • To focus on recent developments in intermolecular chalcogen bonding in solution-phase applications.
  • To highlight the growing importance of chalcogen bonding in diverse chemical fields.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on chalcogen bonding.
  • Analysis of applications in solid-phase crystal engineering.
  • Examination of solution-phase applications, including intramolecular and intermolecular interactions.

Main Results:

  • Chalcogen bonding facilitates the construction of nano-sized structures and self-assembly in the solid phase.
  • Intramolecular chalcogen bonding has been utilized to stabilize conformations.
  • Intermolecular chalcogen bonding is increasingly exploited in solution for anion recognition, transport, organic synthesis, and organocatalysis.

Conclusions:

  • Chalcogen bonding is a versatile noncovalent interaction with expanding applications.
  • Recent advancements demonstrate significant potential in solution-phase chemistry.
  • This interaction is poised to play a crucial role in future chemical innovations.