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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.6K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.1K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis
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Phosphonium hydrogels for controlled release of ionic cargo.

Tristan D Harrison1, Paul J Ragogna, Elizabeth R Gillies

  • 1Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 5B7. egillie@uwo.ca.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|September 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized phosphonium salts to create cationic hydrogels. These novel hydrogels effectively loaded anionic drugs and dyes, with release rates influenced by molecular structure and environmental factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cationic hydrogels are crucial for drug delivery and biomaterial applications.
  • Phosphonium salts offer unique properties for polymer synthesis.
  • Controlling the release of anionic payloads from hydrogels is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel cationic hydrogels using phosphonium salts.
  • To investigate the loading and release characteristics of anionic compounds within these hydrogels.
  • To compare the performance of phosphonium-based hydrogels with ammonium-based counterparts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of three distinct phosphonium salts.
  • Polymerization of phosphonium salts with poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate to form hydrogels.
  • Loading of an anionic dye and an anionic anti-inflammatory drug via ionic interactions.
  • Analysis of anion release kinetics under varying pH and ionic strength conditions.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of phosphonium-based cationic hydrogels.
  • Demonstrated ionic loading of anionic dye and drug molecules.
  • Anion release rates were found to be dependent on the anion's structure and pKa.
  • Environmental factors like pH and ionic strength significantly modulated release profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphonium-based cationic hydrogels represent a promising new class of materials for controlled release applications.
  • The tunable release characteristics offer potential for targeted delivery of anionic therapeutics.
  • Further research can optimize hydrogel composition for specific drug delivery requirements.