MiR-499 regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation by targeting transforming growth factor β receptor 1

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation via post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Here, based on our previous high-throughput sequencing results, we evaluated miRNA-499 (miR-499) functions during myoblast proliferation and differentiation. In addition, we analyzed miR-499 expression profiles and characterized the associated functional roles. MiR-499 is known to be a skeletal muscle fiber-type-associated miRNA. However, its roles in skeletal myoblast proliferation and differentiation are poorly understood. MiR-499 overexpression promoted C2C12 cell proliferation and significantly attenuated C2C12 cell myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, miR-499 inhibition enhanced C2C12 cell proliferation and suppressed C2C12 cell differentiation. Using dual-luciferase reporter assays and western blot analysis, we confirmed that miR-499 targeted transforming growth factor β receptor 1 (TGFβR1), a known regulator of skeletal myoblast development. Additionally, our RNA interference analysis, in which TGFβR1 was downregulated, showed that TGFβR1 significantly promoted the differentiation of C2C12 cells and inhibited their proliferation.