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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Antibacterial 3D bone scaffolds for tissue engineering application.

Jitendra Pant1, Jaya Sundaram1, Marcus J Goudie1

  • 1School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials
|September 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New 3D bone scaffolds release nitric oxide (NO) to combat infection and promote healing. These scaffolds, enhanced with nano-hydroxyapatite, show high mechanical strength and effectively reduce bacterial growth without toxicity.

Keywords:
3D bone scaffoldsalginateantibacterial propertybone injurieschitosaninfectionsnano-hydroxyapatite (nHA)nitric oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Engineering
  • Infectious Disease Research

Background:

  • Open bone fractures present significant challenges in healing and are prone to infection.
  • Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in bone formation and possesses antimicrobial properties.
  • Existing treatments often struggle with infection control and suboptimal bone regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and characterize novel 3D bone scaffolds capable of releasing nitric oxide (NO).
  • To investigate the impact of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) concentration on scaffold mechanical properties and NO release.
  • To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility of the developed NO-releasing bone scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of 3D bone scaffolds using S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) as an NO donor, incorporating nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) at varying concentrations (10-50 wt%).
  • Assessment of mechanical strength, particularly load-bearing capacity, and nitric oxide (NO) flux over time under physiological conditions.
  • Evaluation of antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, alongside assessment of surface morphology, pore size for bone cell growth, and cytotoxicity using mouse fibroblast cells.

Main Results:

  • Scaffold mechanical strength increased proportionally with nHA concentration, with 50 wt% nHA-starch-alginate exhibiting the highest load-bearing capacity (203.95 ± 0.3 N).
  • The NO flux from 50 wt% nHA-starch-alginate scaffolds was initially 0.50 ± 0.06 × 10-10 mol/min/mg, decreasing to 0.23 ± 0.02 × 10-10 mol/min/mg over 24 hours.
  • Significant bacterial reduction was observed: 99.76% ± 0.33% for Staphylococcus aureus and 99.80% ± 0.62% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • Scaffold surface morphology and pore size were suitable for bone cell growth, and no toxic response was noted in mouse fibroblast cells.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D bone scaffolds effectively release nitric oxide (NO), demonstrating potent antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
  • Incorporation of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the scaffolds, making them suitable for load-bearing applications.
  • These NO-releasing, nHA-enhanced scaffolds represent a promising advancement in combating bone fracture infections and promoting osteogenesis.