Protic additives determine the pathway of CdSe nanocrystal growth

The formation of semiconductor nanocrystals by hot-injection synthesis follows complex reaction mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. In particular the occurrence of intermediate species indicated by sharp, stationary spectral lines poses an important deviation from the predictions of classical nucleation theory. We show that trace amounts of water and other protic additives strongly impact the structure of these reaction intermediates, forming either coordination polymers under dry conditions or small clusters in the presence of moisture. These intermediates bind monomer during the initial nucleation phase. The structure of the intermediate determines the monomer release rate, either continuously or in a rapid dissolution event, and hence controls the reaction kinetics. From this we propose a kinetic model that allows us to predict secondary nucleation events. By directing the type of intermediate formed, protic additives provide a lever to manipulate this equilibrium and control nanocrystal synthesis in a rational fashion.